I watched Er Chuang’s short video, and everything went numb!

【At the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, some basic national policies were still used in the Ming Dynasty, and the national taxation basically followed the "population system". 】

【However, the drawbacks of the "population system" are very obvious. 】

【As mentioned above, the serious problems in the late Ming Dynasty had already appeared on a large scale during the reign of Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty, and the exhaustion was even more obvious in the late Kangxi period. 】

【If the best time to stop at the brink was missed, the Qing Dynasty would inevitably follow the old path of the Ming Dynasty. 】

【Fortunately, Emperor Yongzheng implemented the "taxation system" in time, and the Qing Dynasty had been in the customs for only 80 years at most, and it was in a period of forge ahead, which was indeed beneficial for the implementation of the new policy. 】

【It can be seen from this that although Zhang Juzheng and Emperor Yongzheng both implemented reforms in the face of crisis, the Ming Dynasty, which had always taken "not violating the ancestral system" as the fundamental principle of governing the country, had been exhausted for a long time, and was even terminally ill. 】

【At this time, the Qing Dynasty was in the upward period of "taking advantage of the situation and constantly repairing the ancestral system". 】

【And this difference in the background of the times has an important impact on the difference in the final results of the two. 】

……

The plane of Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty.

Li Shimin nodded slightly.

The later a dynasty is, the more contradictions and problems will accumulate, and the more complicated and difficult it will be to deal with.

From the historical books, when a dynasty was forced to implement reforms in the later period, it was basically at the point of life and death, and it had to change.

The difficulty of reform at this time is undoubtedly extremely great.

Relatively speaking, when a dynasty is still in the early and middle stages, the problem will not be so serious.

At this time, it is less difficult for the court to take the initiative to carry out reforms.

Let’s take a simple example. If two patients have the same disease, one is dying and the other is just a little more seriously ill, then the latter is definitely easier to treat.

However.

When Li Shimin saw this, he felt that in addition to the difference in the background of the times, the bigger reason for the different results of the two was the problem of the reform leaders.

The leader of the Ming Dynasty’s “One Whip Law” reform, Zhang Juzheng, was just a minister.

And the leader of the Qing Dynasty’s “Equalizing the Land Tax” reform was the Qing Dynasty’s emperor named Yongzheng.

And according to people in later generations, the degree of imperial autocracy of the Qing Dynasty emperors reached the peak of Chinese history.

Reforms led by ministers will be restricted by higher-level emperors and it is difficult to let go.

Although the reforms initiated by the emperor who holds supreme power cannot be said to be without scruples, they obviously have fewer constraints.

……

[Secondly, in comparison, the "One Whip Law" encountered greater resistance. ]

[The continuation of the inertia of the old system made Zhang Juzheng's reform in the Ming Dynasty encounter great resistance. ]

[Under the cover of the cheating of the "Yellow Book of Taxes", a huge official-gentry situation gradually formed between the court and the people.The main group. 】

[Its power has reached the point where it can compete with the court. 】

[Therefore, any policy that is not conducive to the interests of this group will be strongly resisted by this group. 】

[Moreover, this resistance is from top to bottom and is diverse. 】

[In the court, there are officials who write letters to speak out and put a hat on you. Under the court, local officials and gentry secretly collude and passively slack off in the form of silent resistance. The administrative efficiency is extremely low, and finally things are dragged to death. 】

[The "One Whip Law" is obviously intended to break the old system. It violates the interests of the official gentry and landlord group. It is not surprising that it encounters crazy obstruction from the official gentry and landlord group. 】

...

"What a group of disasters."

In the plane of Emperor Chengzu of the Ming Dynasty, Zhu Di snorted in his heart.

Naturally, he did not like this interest group that harmed the Ming Dynasty.

But he knew it very well.

To govern such a large country, these people are needed.

No! It is only temporarily needed!

Zhu Di felt that in the future, when the Ming Dynasty started the industrial revolution and turned from an agricultural society to an industrial society, this group would have no value in existence.

……

[Unlike the huge resistance encountered when the "One Whip Law" was implemented, the power of the gentry and local tyrants in the Qing Dynasty was much smaller in the early years of Yongzheng. ]

[The official group of the Qing Dynasty was mostly composed of bannermen, especially the local important positions, which were mostly held by "pure" Manchu ministers or Han banner ministers who were the emperor's confidants, which was relatively beneficial to the implementation of "dividing the land tax into land". ]

[One of the reasons why the Qing Dynasty dared to appoint the governor and the governor as local officials was that it did not worry about the banner ministers, especially the Manchu ministers, colluding with many local Han gentry. 】

【As far as these Manchu ministers are concerned, they often regard themselves as rulers of the Han people and act as slaves to the emperor. Therefore, this natural class contradiction is destined to make the local people "not wear the same pants". 】

【Therefore, when the "tax-tax-land" policy was implemented, there was no serious inertia problem of the old system, and the resistance from the court, especially from the local areas, was relatively small. 】

The barrage flew out:

"With the existence of the Eight Banners nobles group, the Qing Dynasty did not have to rely so much on the bureaucratic landlord group to rule, and the Eight Banners nobles group was considered a partner of the Qing Dynasty, and their major interests were the same."

"It was mainly because the bureaucratic landlord group itself suffered heavy losses during the war at the end of the Ming Dynasty."

"The Qing regime was not completely dependent on the gentry group like the Ming Dynasty, but mainly relied on the Eight Banners military force as a backing, and there was no strong bureaucratic landlord group."

"I think it was the Tartars of the Qing Dynasty who really dared to attack that group of people and scared them of killing."

Reply-Yes, the Ming Dynasty was the same. When Zhu Yuanzhang and Zhu Di were emperors, that group of people were as quiet as chickens, because they knew that Zhu Yuanzhang and Zhu Di would really kill people. Later, when the Ming Dynasty emperors were weak, this group of people began to run rampant. "

“…”

The Hongwu plane of the Ming Dynasty.

Zhu Yuanzhang looked at the huge screen in the sky and cursed in his heart:

“A bunch of trash!”

The people he cursed were naturally the weird emperors of the Ming Dynasty in later generations.

In Zhu Yuanzhang’s view, the system he designed also guaranteed the great power of the emperors of the Ming Dynasty. It was entirely because of the laziness and incompetence of the weird emperors of the Ming Dynasty in later generations that many problems emerged.

……

[Of course, it must be pointed out that the implementation of “dividing the land tax into acres” was not without resistance, but the resistance encountered was only smaller than that of “one whip law”. ]

[Because who’s money was cut off and whose ancestral graves were moved, who would be willing? ]

[Even if they were servants, they couldn’t be willing. ]

……

Many emperors in the past dynasties nodded slightly.

This is certain.

The policy of "taxing each person according to the amount of land he holds" would damage the actual interests of many landlords.

It is impossible for them not to oppose it.

……

[Again, Emperor Yongzheng's determination and authority far surpassed Zhang Juzheng. ]

[In Chinese history, there are not many people who can be called reformers. ]

[Once the tone of a regime or even a dynasty is set, anyone who dares to challenge it (including the incumbent emperor) will take great risks except for the maker. ]

[Not only will they be ruined, but they may even lose their entire family's lives. ]

[Therefore, most of the few reformers in history presided over various reforms with the support of the emperor at the time. The more famous figures are Shang Yang and Wang Anshi. ]

[In this way, even if the reform fails, someone will take the blame for the emperor. If it succeeds, the credit will naturally belong to the emperor, so that it will be recorded in history forever. 】

……

The plane of Emperor Shenzong of the Northern Song Dynasty.

Wang Anshi looked at the huge screen in the sky and sighed deeply in his heart.

The words in front of him are very correct.

As a person who actually promotes reforms, he has a deep understanding of the risks and difficulties of reforms.

But, the Song Dynasty cannot change now!

"No regrets!"

Wang Anshi whispered, and a lot of determination flashed in his eyes.

It doesn't matter if he is stubborn or persistent. Since he has embarked on the road of reform, he will not waver.

……

[However, Zhang Juzheng, who promoted the "One Whip Law", and Emperor Yongzheng, who promoted the "Equalization of Land Taxes", strictly speaking, do not belong to the above situation. 】

[When Zhang Juzheng promoted the "One Whip Law", Emperor Wanli was just in his prime, and it was hard to say whether he supported it or not. 】

【However, judging from the fact that Emperor Wanli later liquidated Zhang Juzheng after his death, no matter what his purpose was, it is enough to show that he did not support the "One Whip Law" in his heart. 】

Barrage flew out:

"More than not supporting it, judging from Wanli's crazy liquidation behavior, he was simply a hater."Zhang Juzheng was actually a benefactor to the Ming Dynasty, but because he had acted on behalf of the emperor and was not good at planning for himself, the great benefactor was eventually turned into a great hatred by Wanli."

"Zhang Juzheng was arrogant and provoked by the small people. He was arbitrary and authoritarian, but he was too stubborn and broke."

"..."

"Zhang Juzheng was shocked and his face was gloomy. "Was he liquidated after his death?"

"Immediately afterwards. Zhang Juzheng became angry: "How could he? How could he? ”

The “he” in Zhang Juzheng’s mouth is naturally Emperor Wanli.

Wanli was not only the emperor of the Ming Dynasty, but also his student, and he usually respected him. (To read the novels of Baoshuang, go to Feilu Novel Network!)

And he asked himself that he had devoted all his energy to the Ming Dynasty.

I didn’t expect that after his death, he would end up like this?

“Is he arrogant because of his fullness of power, and is he provoked by the small people?”

Zhang Juzheng fell into deep thought.

……

[The failure to obtain the full support of Emperor Wanli was one of the important reasons why the “One Whip Law” was ultimately not continued.]

[Therefore, when Zhang Juzheng was the chief minister of the cabinet, although he was able to hold great power, he seemed to lack confidence when it came to breaking through the ancestral system and other fundamental matters.]

[For example, when the “One Whip Law” was being implemented in full swing, it was useless and even irrelevant. The "Yellow Book of Taxes", which was contrary to the reform, had to be compiled every ten years. 】

[In this way, the quality and accuracy of the Yellow Book are self-evident. 】

[Such "useless work" can be said to be common in the Ming Dynasty at that time. 】

[This also indirectly reflects the incompleteness of Zhang Juzheng's implementation of the "One Whip Law". 】

The barrage flew out:

"There is no way around it. Zhang Juzheng is not the emperor after all. There are too many factors to consider."

"The incompleteness of the One Whip Law also failed to completely abolish the Dingyin, which gave officials an opportunity to play tricks, increase and decrease the amount of money, and there were many drawbacks. 】

"To be honest, the Single Whip Law will not work sooner or later, because the Ming Dynasty itself does not have the conditions to use silver as tax. my country is not a silver-producing country, and the court does not have the right to mint and issue currency. The court cannot guarantee that farmers can exchange silver at an equal value."

"Reply-Yes, farmers do not have silver in their hands. When paying taxes, they have to exchange grain for silver, and then they will be exploited by bureaucratic landlord groups or merchants, and the burden will be heavier."

"Reply-The most terrible thing is to only borrow but not exchange, making the burden on farmers heavier and heavier."

"Reply-Alas, at that time, a large amount of silver flowed in from abroad, which created a false impression for the court. Who knew that foreign countries would later restrict the outflow of silver."

"Reply-In fact, the best way is to use paper money as a credit currency to collect taxes, as it is now, but it is a pity that the Ming Baochao has been played to collapse."

"Reply-Indeed, using paper money, the fire consumption is notIt exists. ”[]

“Reply——You can’t print paper money randomly, you still need silver and gold reserves. ”

“…”

The plane of Emperor Chengzu of the Ming Dynasty.

Zhu Di’s eyes were full of thought.

At this time, the thoughts in his mind had gradually become clear.

It was obvious that the “Yellow Book of Taxes” system implemented by his father Zhu Yuanzhang could not last long.

The “taxation system” implemented by the Qing Dynasty in later generations absorbed a lot of experience and was indeed desirable.

Although Zhu Di hated the Qing Dynasty, this did not affect his objective evaluation.

He thought that this “taxation system” could be implemented in the Ming Dynasty.

The silver mines in Japan and the gold and silver mines in America will definitely belong to the Ming Dynasty in this life.

The Ming Dynasty can have enough gold and silver to control the right to mint coins.

Even, it may be possible to adopt paper currency taxation as people in later generations said.

However, this matter needs to be considered in the long run.

……

[Emperor Yongzheng implemented the "tax-tax-per-acreage" reform, which was led by the emperor himself. ]

[This kind of behavior of the emperor taking the lead in implementing strong reforms during the prosperous times is rare in history. ]

[Emperor Yongzheng's attitude towards the implementation of "tax-tax-per-acreage" can be said to be extremely firm and he spared no effort. ]

[In the first year of Yongzheng's reign, facing the turbulent situation with many political enemies, he resolutely implemented the reform. This courage is indeed commendable. ]

[During the implementation of the reform, facing resistance from all sides, Emperor Yongzheng was determined not to give up until he succeeded, and with the advantage of absolute imperial power, he was decisive and cut through thorns and insisted on completing it at all costs. ]

The barrage flew out:

"Yongzheng's attitude is indeed tough. In response to the counterattack of the landlord interest group, he directly asked the special agent group such as the sticking rod office to use violent means. ”

“Reply - A tough attitude is one aspect. Yongzheng was actually quite strategic. Before the reform of equalizing the land tax was officially launched, he first sent a large number of officials and administrative staff to conduct detailed statistical surveys on the land and conditions of each province. ”

“Reply - Before he officially implemented it, he also carried out a long period of public opinion propaganda to make most ordinary farmers believe that equalizing the land tax would be of great benefit to them. It was equivalent to the emperor at the top joining hands with the people at the bottom to deal with the bureaucratic landlord group. ”

“Reply - The most important thing is the firm attitude. Yongzheng was really not afraid of the counterattack of the bureaucratic landlord group and directly struck hard. ”

“Reply - That's because he dared to implement the policy of officials and gentry serving as officials and paying taxes together. Naturally, he did not take the bureaucratic landlord group seriously. ”

“Reply - Indeed, abolishing the tax-free privileges of officials, gentry and landlords is really fierce. ”

“Reply——Not only did he impose a tax on each acre, officials and gentry all served and paid taxes, but he also had to return the fire consumption to the public. With continuous and powerful attacks, it was normal that Yongzheng was hated the most by the bureaucratic landlord group. ”

“…”

Looking at the comments on the giant screen in the sky.

The dynastiesMany emperors were extremely shocked.

"Abolish the tax-free privileges of officials, gentry and landlords, and make them serve as officials and pay taxes together?"

"He is really brave!"

Many emperors exclaimed in their hearts.

According to the people of later generations, they felt that the Qing emperor named Yongzheng was really "too brave!"

This policy was a bit too radical in their opinion, and it pushed the bureaucratic gentry and landlord groups too hard.

It would definitely be strongly counterattacked by the bureaucratic gentry and landlord groups.

"Can this really be implemented?"

Many emperors expressed doubts about this.

In fact, it was just as these emperors questioned.

The policy of "officials and gentry serving as officials and paying taxes together" was actually never implemented nationwide.

Even though Yongzheng repeatedly issued orders and imposed heavy penalties on the gentry who ignored the new policy, "paying taxes together and serving as officials together" still could not penetrate into the local areas.

The only officials who could be said to have strictly implemented the policy of "paying taxes and serving as officials together" were a few people, such as Henan Governor Tian Wenjing.

However.

Even if it was only implemented on a pilot basis in Henan, many conflicts arose.

For example, in the second year of Yongzheng's reign, the policy of "officials and gentry paying taxes and serving as officials together" was first caused by the boycott of the civil and military examinations in Henan, and then caused many officials to jointly impeach Tian Wenjing.

When Emperor Qianlong ascended the throne, the policy of "officials and gentry paying taxes and serving as officials together" was directly abolished.

And unlike Yongzheng's severe crackdown, Emperor Qianlong gave the gentry a big gift at the beginning of his tenure.

He ordered that "gentry should be exempted from all kinds of corvée labor", which was equivalent to returning to the "laws of our ancestors".

The eternal night of the gentry and landlords was finally over, and their former privileges were returned to them overnight. .