I watched Er Chuang’s short video, and everything went numb!

[Since we are talking about the "Janjali Inheritance Law" of the Ottoman Empire, I will talk about this matter here. ]

[The emergence of this phenomenon has a lot to do with the decline of the Ottoman Sultan's ability to govern the country. ]

[Originally, the Janjali were not allowed to marry during their service. However, after the Sultan was unable to control this slave army born from the believers, he was forced to announce that veterans could marry during their service. ]

[At the same time, their children can join the army first, but their descendants cannot inherit their fathers' positions and treatment. This leads to the rapid corruption of the Janjali and the loss of combat effectiveness. The Janjali are more willing to fight for their own small families. ]

[They will try their best to pass on wealth and power to their children instead of devoting themselves to the army. ]

……

"The Janjali of the Ottoman Empire are not allowed to marry?"

The emperors of all dynasties were shocked by this information.

Can the soldiers of the Guards follow such rules?

The emperors had such doubts because they did not know the origin of the original Ottoman Guards.

The original Guards were composed of slaves and prisoners of war. They were legally the property of the Ottoman Sultan and were always bound by the person who held the title.

Therefore, they had to abide by many strict rules, including the oath of celibacy.

The reason for such regulations is naturally to allow the Guards to form strict military discipline and maintain strong combat effectiveness.

……

[The daily training of the Guards camp was completely abandoned. Not only did the combat effectiveness plummet, but the number of people also increased sharply. ]

[The number of them did not exceed 17,000 before, but they quickly doubled in the 17th century, causing a huge financial burden on the country. ]

[At the same time, allowing the Guards to do business also brought greater problems. 】

[Most of the guards would use violence in the process of doing business, "cooperate" with business agents, and control a certain industry. 】

[Most high-consumption markets, such as 70% of opium dens, 80% of underground casinos, and 100% of coffee shops, are reserved for a certain guard corps. 】

[In addition, basic livelihood industries such as food and textiles are also controlled. 】

[For example, the 56th Guards Corps controls the transportation of grain in Constantinople. 】

[In 1663, the number of people registered in the regiment was 544, but in fact only 88 people participated in the expedition, 73 people may never have existed, and the remaining 456 people have never received military training, but are careful grain merchants. 】

……

The plane of Taizu of the Great Ming Dynasty.

Zhu Yuanzhang shook his head.

Allowing the army to do business is not small.

This is the conclusion he drew from the lessons of previous dynasties.

In ancient China, it was not uncommon for the military to engage in business.

Since the Warring States Period, this has already appeared.The military business situation, even every place where the army is stationed, has a specific business place, called "military market".

By the Han Dynasty, "taking support from the military market" had become an important national policy. The rulers also set up military market orders to manage the military market, regulate prices, collect market rents, and collect taxes.

With the development, the ancient Chinese military business has become more and more common.

In the Tang Dynasty, the separatist regimes, local Jiedushis held their own troops and refused to obey the government. The court certainly could not allocate funds to such places. Without national funding, where would the Jiedushis get the money to support the army? Naturally, it came from the military business.

In the Song Dynasty, business was developed, and the phenomenon of redundant soldiers was serious, military expenditures were large, and military business was a common phenomenon.

And because of the developed business in the Song Dynasty, the harm of military business became more and more prominent in the Song Dynasty.

Bullying the market, interfering with normal business activities, military corruption, low combat effectiveness and other problems were very serious.

Zhu Yuanzhang realized the harm caused by the army's business, so he wanted to strictly manage this behavior.

……

[The discipline of the soldiers of the Imperial Guard was gradually relaxed, not only did their combat effectiveness plummet, but they also monopolized the guild through military force, and eventually inevitably formed a hereditary interest group, which became a tumor on the body of the empire. ]

[They began to resist all reforms that were detrimental to their own class, even if they knew that the reform was beneficial to the national interest. ]

[Whenever the Sultan planned to reform the military system and prepare to use new troops to fight foreign enemies, they would also think that their status was being tainted, and they would use a coup to stop the reform, or simply replace a Sultan. ]

……

"Rebellious ministers and traitors!"

"You deserve to die!"

In many planes throughout the dynasties, many emperors snorted coldly at almost the same time.

As an emperor, it is almost instinctive to maintain the supreme imperial power.

Therefore.

Although the "Janice Succession Law" occurred in the Ottoman Empire outside China, the emperors would still be angry about it.

Such behavior is a naked provocation to the imperial power.

……

[Although many people now regard the "Janice Succession Law" as the business card of the Ottoman Empire, in fact, the Ottoman Janice Guards did not always directly launch a military coup. ]

[In many cases, the Janice Guards first heard some rumors or policy changes, and then they would turn their soup pots upside down on the ground and spontaneously go to the square in front of the Hagia Sophia to protest and put pressure on the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire. ]

[In this matter, their demands are usually to improve treatment and stop reforms. ]

[They will send representatives to negotiate with the Sultan. If the Sultan or the Grand Vizier compromises or appeases the Janice Guards, they will end the protest and return to their camp. 】

……

“Arrogant!”

In many dynasties,Many emperors snorted again.

In their view, such behavior is a serious provocation to the imperial power.

In many dynasties of China, this is a capital crime with the extermination of the family.

……

[However, if the Sultan refuses their request, they will make a large-scale disturbance in the city and force all shops to close, so that citizens cannot buy things and merchants cannot do business. ]

[At the same time, they will also "invite" several respected jurists to endorse their actions. ]

[At this time, they will generally ask the Sultan to hand over the head of the Grand Vizier (Prime Minister) or Qizlar (Chief Eunuch). ]

[If the Sultan surrenders, kills the Grand Vizier and other close ministers, and abolishes his new policy, then the Sultan himself will have a chance to continue to rule. 】

The barrage flew out:

"Good fellow, are you playing the game of clearing the court?"

"Don't mention it, these guards are quite decent, they didn't overturn the table at the beginning. (dog head)

"..."

Many emperors of all dynasties saw this and knew it very well.

It's only the last step before these Ottoman guards officially launch a military rebellion.

If the Ottoman emperor doesn't compromise, these guards will officially launch a rebellion.

...

[If the Sultan refuses again , then the guards will lose patience and smash the soup pot to show that they will no longer accept the food given by the Sultan. 】

【Then, they will rush into the palace with weapons, kill the Grand Vizier, and control the Sultan. 】

【After that, the guards will open the palace's treasury and take away everything they like, including coins, silk, spices, and porcelain. 】

【The guards will shout to melt all the gold and silver utensils in the palace, cast them into gold and silver bars, and distribute them all. 】

……

"A bunch of rebels! "

Many emperors of all dynasties snorted in their hearts again.

These Ottoman guards were completely lawless and did not take the imperial power into consideration at all.

At the same time.

Many emperors still expressed their contempt for the Ottoman emperors in their hearts.

The ability of these Ottoman emperors was really too poor to make the guards, which should have been their own army, become such a rebel army.

Thinking of this.

Many emperors even felt that the Ottoman Empire might as well stick to the previous "killing each other"

" and "killing brothers and slaughtering brothers" mode.

Although it is bloody, at least it can ensure that the selected Ottoman emperor has sufficient ability.

What kind of governance ability can an emperor selected from a bunch of people locked in cages have?

...

[During this process, the leaders of the guards did not continue to rob, but brought their confidants to the harem and found the queen mother of the Ottoman Empire.]

[The purpose is simple, to gain the support of the queen mother and to welcome the new sultan.]

[And they often get. ]

[A few days later, the guards will sign a decree, swearing allegiance to the new sultan, ending the chaos and restoring public order. ]

[Then, the guards will capture the leaders and accomplices of the "rebels", execute them on the spot with swords or bowstrings, and then throw their bodies into the Bosphorus. ]

[Their bodies are often washed ashore by the waves and exposed to the public. ]

…

Many emperors of all dynasties sneered.

These so-called "rebel" leaders and accomplices must be scapegoats found by the guards.

Either the enemies of the guards, or the losers in the struggle for power within the guards.

……

[Everyone was very satisfied. The Ottoman family retained the throne, many people became new high officials, the jurists deepened their prestige, and the guards maintained their own interests and seized property. ]

[In this way, a guard rebellion ended. ]

[And this "guard succession law" profoundly affected the Ottoman Empire for the next two hundred years. ]

……

"It lasted for two hundred years?"

In the dimension of Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty, Li Shimin was surprised.

He didn't expect that the situation in the Ottoman Empire that was controlled by the guards group would exist for such a long time.

Is it possible that in more than 200 years, the Ottoman Empire has not had a wise monarch who can turn the situation around?

As soon as this question emerged in Li Shimin's mind, he thought of the "cage imprisonment" system of the Ottoman Empire.

Under this system, it is indeed not easy for a hero to emerge.

……

【After Mahmud II ascended the throne, he spent seventeen years stabilizing the jurists and gaining the support of powerful people through the exchange of interests. 】

【In addition, he established a new army at the level of Western Europe, referred to as the "Ever-Victorious Army". 】

【Then, he induced the Guards to launch a military coup called the "Auspicious Incident". 】

【But this time, the Guards did not succeed. 】

【In just half an hour, the "Ever-Victorious Army" completely destroyed this army that once frightened the whole of Europe and its master with modern weapons. 】

【On the same day, Mahmud II announced that the number of the Guards was cancelled, the military flag was burned, and the Bektashi sect they believed in was also banned. 】

【The Ottoman Guards became history. 】

……

Accompanied by narration subtitles.

The giant screen in the sky played a video clip of the "Ever-Victorious Army" slaughtering the Imperial Guards with modern artillery and firearms.

Many emperors of all dynasties once again directly felt the dimensionality reduction blow of the firearms era to the cold weapon era.

Some emperors who originally did not want to start the industrial revolution because of fear were a little shaken at this time.

……

[Okay, "¨. The matter of the "Law of Succession of the Guards" is over.]

[Next, let's talk about the impact of the "cage imprisonment" system on the Ottoman Empire.]

[This system caused the general incompetence of the Ottoman Sultans and brought another serious negative impact.]

[That is the transformation of the Ottoman Empire's financial system from the fief system to the tax farming system and even the lifelong tax farming system.]

……

Hearing this.

The eyes of the emperors of all dynasties looking at the giant screen in the sky became more focused.

They were very interested in understanding the financial system of this empire that could exist for 600 years.

……

[The Ottoman Empire once clearly announced that all arable land was miri (i.e. state-owned land).]

|= |

[Except for a very small number of muleks (private land of nobles) and waqfs (religious estates), most of the cultivated land under the rule of the Ottoman Empire belonged to the Sultan. ]

[The Sultan granted most of the state-owned land and the peasants living on it to meritorious officials in the form of military fiefs, which were fief lords. ]

[And the lords had to fulfill their obligations to provide cavalry to the Sultan and lead the army to participate in the war. ]

[And the fief was not hereditary. After the lord died, the Sultan took back the fief and re-granted it. ]

[This is the fief system of the Ottoman Empire. ]

[The premise of the fief system is the absolute control of the state over the land. ]

[The essence of the fief system lies in the granting of land income rights rather than land ownership. ]

[The implementation of the fiefdom system not only ensured the source of soldiers for the empire and became the basis of the military system of the Ottoman Empire, but also became a prominent feature of the empire's economic and social system. ]

……

The plane of Emperor Chengzu of the Ming Dynasty.

After listening to this, Zhu Di understood it instantly.

Isn't this exactly the same as the fiefdom system of the Western Zhou Dynasty in China?

He thought that the fiefdom system of the Ottoman Empire had something unique, but it seems that he thought too much.

For this system, he has already had enough understanding by reading the history books of various dynasties.

The fiefdom system is the foundation of the Zhou Dynasty (Western and Eastern Zhou) and the core of local control.

The twenty-level title system of the Qin and Han dynasties can also be regarded as an alternative fiefdom system.

To In the Tang Dynasty, the fiefdom system became a system of name and substance but without power, with only the number of households allocated, but no specific fiefdom.

Finally, in the Song Dynasty, it simply became a system of name and substance, without even any benefits, and became purely a title of honor.

There are naturally objective reasons why this system (Wang Qian Zhao) will be gradually eliminated in China.

Therefore, Zhu Di was not more interested in it.

He continued to look at the giant screen in the sky, wanting to see what the Ottoman Empire's tax farming system and lifelong tax farming system meant?

……

【Later, with the general incompetence of the Sultan, the political level of the Ottoman Empire gradually became chaotic, and it was difficult to strongly deter and restrain the fiefdom lords. 】

【Each lord began to act on his own and raisedland rent, and strengthened the exploitation of fief farmers. 】

【At the same time, a few lords ignored the prohibition of "one person cannot own multiple fiefs" and annexed fiefs on a large scale. Some lords even sold fiefs to merchants and usurers, turning the state-owned land belonging to the Sultan into private land. 】

【The new landlords who bought fiefs refused to assume the obligation to provide soldiers and lead the army to fight. Even if the fiefs were maintained as they were, the knights turned a deaf ear to the Sultan's call. 】

【All these things caused the empire to suffer a serious shortage of soldiers. 】

【Moreover, after the privatization of fiefs, the lords no longer paid military expenses to the Sultan on time and in full, causing the empire to lose a stable source of funds to support the standing army. 】

【Therefore, the Ottoman Empire abolished the fief system and gradually transformed to a tax farming system, confiscating fiefs, compiling taxes, auctioning territories, and contracting out tax collection activities. 】

[Usually, the tax farmer pays one year's tax to the government in advance, and then he can enjoy the absolute right to collect taxes in the tax-farming territory. 】

……

The plane of Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty.

Li Shimin and the ministers of the Tang Dynasty were shocked.

There is such an operation?

How can this be possible?

Taxation is related to the country's fiscal revenue. It is a major national event. How can it be contracted to a private person?

Changsun Wuji couldn't help but say to Li Shimin:

"Your Majesty, isn't this nonsense?"

"If the power to collect taxes is sold to private individuals, they will definitely levy taxes indiscriminately for their own profit. Sooner or later, the people will be unable to bear it."

"This is the source of the disaster!"

Li Shimin nodded.

It is indeed as Changsun Wuji said, this tax-farming system seems to save the country the trouble of collecting taxes everywhere, but in fact it has a lot of problems.