I make a popular science video and all the emperors learn from it!

[Science Popularization Short Video Collection Series 9. ]

[Fourth, Short Video: The History of the Development of Ballpoint Pens and Their Principles. ]

[More than 130 years ago, the United States invented the world's first ballpoint pen. ]

[Its appearance changed the world, raising people's literacy rate from 35% to 90%. ~]

[The seemingly simple ballpoint pen actually contains quite complex science and technology. ]

[In Europe in the last century. ]

[The feather pen is not only difficult to use, but also writes messy words. ]

[At that time, not many people could write with feather pens, so many people could only find ghostwriters to write letters for them. ]

[Until 1809, the country of Ying issued the first batch of patent certificates for water-filled pens. ]

[From then on, the fountain pen was born. 】

[Early fountain pens consisted of a metal nib and an ink reservoir. 】

[Although it is easier to use than a feather pen. 】

[But the rough nib still cannot control the ink and often has the problem of ink leakage. 】

[Such a fountain pen was sold at a price of up to $150 at the time. 】

[Only 20% of people bought and used it. 】

[Until 1888, American inventor John Lauder replaced the metal nib of the fountain pen with four balls of different sizes. 】

[In this way, the ink can flow out evenly and prevent stains. 】

[Although this design solves the problem of ink leakage, it requires a high degree of precision for the ball of the nib. 】

[If it is too large, it will block the ink, making the ball stuck in the nib and difficult to rotate. If it is too small, it will cause the ink to leak onto the book paper. 】

【Secondly, this kind of fountain pen has high requirements for paper. 】

【It can only be used on hard paper, and slightly thinner paper will be scratched. 】

【Later, a reporter named Ladislo Biro discovered that the problem with the fountain pen was not the nib and paper. 】

【It was the water-based ink. 】

【Affected by the angle of holding the pen, it is easy for the ink to flow and penetrate into the paper fiber. 】

【So he began to try oil-based ink. 】

【This ink has a high density and will hardly flow or penetrate. 】

【At the same time, it will trigger the capillary physical effect in the tiny ink tube. 】

【This effect can make water climb upwards without the influence of gravity or other external forces. 】

【Biro used this principle to keep the ink covering the ball at the tip of the pen. 】

[This way, you can draw a smooth straight line no matter how you hold the pen. 】

[Although its design is good, the materials and workmanship make the price of the improved ballpoint pen reach $190! 】

[It is still a luxury that ordinary people cannot afford. 】

[Until 1945, French manufacturer Marcel Buech believed that the ballpoint pen should not be a luxury, but a writing tool that everyone can afford. 】

[So, he sold it for $200.]

[Then with the help of advanced Reis tabulating machines. ]

[He developed an assembly line for mass production of "tiny stainless steel balls". ]

[In order to reduce costs, he also bought a machine for molding plastics and mass-produced plastic shells. ]

[Finally, the ballpoint pen was improved again and sold for only $2 when it was launched. ]

[Its design is almost perfect! ]

[There is no complex material in the nib. ]

[The pen barrel adopts a hexagonal design, which is not only convenient for grabbing, but also prevents it from rolling on the desktop. ]

[The pen shell is made of polystyrene. ]

[It is strong and cheap, waterproof and transparent, so you can always see how much ink is left. ]

[There is a small hole above the pen barrel. 】

【It is located right at the grip of the hand. This small hole allows air to enter, fills the blank space of the pen core, prevents ink from flowing back, and exerts a capillary effect. 】

【The stainless steel ball at the tip of the pen is accurate to 0.8 mm. 】

【When using a ballpoint pen, it allows the ink to perfectly cover the tip of the pen for writing. 】

【When not in use, the stainless steel ball will block the tip of the pen to prevent ink leakage. 】

【The pen cap can also serve as a pen clip and reduce shock when it falls to prevent the pen core from being damaged. 】

【This very perfect ballpoint pen solves all the problems of previous fountain pens. 】

【The most important thing is that it is very cheap. 】(To read the exciting novels, go to Feilu Novel Network!)

【After it was launched on the market, sales reached 100 billion. 】

[It enables everyone to write and draw, and indirectly increases people's literacy rate from 35% to 90%. Many people still use it today. 】

[...]

"This is a good thing! You don't need to dip it to write." []

"It is indeed a great creation across the ages. A pen can be carried with you and written at any time, and it is cheap."

"Uh... Where can I buy it?"

0 Ask for flowers

"No, I get annoyed when I see a brush now, give me a ballpoint pen!"

"....."

Ancient scholars stared at the ballpoint pen in the video.

In such a comparison, the shortcomings of the brush are too obvious.

It's better not to have it!

Qin Dynasty.

Ying Zheng was jealous after seeing it.

"Because of a pen, the literacy rate of the people has increased from 30% to 40% to 90%!"

A literacy rate of 30% was impossible in ancient times.

As for 90% of people being literate, it is too scary!

However, he did not doubt the authenticity of this conclusion, but blamed himself for underestimating the value of ballpoint pens.

He hurriedly bought a ballpoint pen from the credit mall.

It was smooth and light to the touch.

Ying Zheng took off the pen cap and shook it, and found that it really did not leak ink.

"Take the paperCome!"

The attendant immediately presented the yellowed paper, which was improved several times in the Qin Dynasty and was very close to the quality of later generations.

Ying Zheng casually wrote a few words on the paper.

The result was consistent with what was said in the video.

The pen holding angle was changed, and it could still be written completely, and the line thickness was uniform.

"Your Majesty has a good handwriting." The Mohist master muttered aside, obviously in a very casual perfunctory manner.

In fact, his mind was all on the ballpoint pen.

He didn't even look at what his majesty wrote.

Ying Zheng didn't want to argue with it at this time, so he threw the ballpoint pen over and said, "Let's see how this thing is made."

"Yes! ”

The Mohist master took it and looked at it carefully for a long time.

Finally, he shook his head with great regret: "Your Majesty, this thing cannot be made by the Qin Dynasty. It is impossible to make the small round ball at the tip of the pen."

"What's more, the material used for the shell of this pen is completely unheard of."

"In addition, there is..."

Ying Zheng interrupted him unhappily, "Forget it, I have a headache listening to it, you go."

After driving the Mohist master away, he sighed.

"Sure enough, we can't rush it."

With a technological gap of thousands of years, even if the whole country is mobilized, it may not be possible to make a ballpoint pen.

We can only take it slowly.

For example, inventing the fountain pen first is more reliable..